Giáo trình Luyện thi Toeic - Chương 2: Chuyên sâu về động từ. Verbs

Tense/ Aspect

Simple

Progressive

be V-ing

Perfect h

ave V-ed (p.p)

Perfect

Progressive

Have been V-ing

Present

talk(s)

am/is/are talking

has/have talked

has/have been

talking

Past

talked

was/were talking

had talked

had been talking

Future

will talk

will be talking

will have

talked

will have been

talking

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Giáo trình Luyện thi Toeic - Chương 2: Chuyên sâu về động từ. Verbs
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